Effect of population density and sowing date of pumpkin on soil hydrothermal regime, weed control and crop growth in a yam-pumpkin intercrop

Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) is used for live mulch and edible apical shoots, seeds and fruits, and requires that a strategy for using it as ground cover in intercropping with food crops be developed while sustaining reasonable apical and fruit yields. Field experiments were conducted in 1999-2001 to investigate the effects of population density (5000, 10 000 and 15 000 plants ha⁻¹) and sowing date (March, April and May) of pumpkin on the soil hydrothermal regime, earthworm casts, weed control, and crop growth and yields in a Yam-pumpkin intercrop. Growing pumpkin between yam mounds reduced maximum diurnal soil temperature by 4.3-8.1 °C, weeding frequency by 52% and weed dry biomass by 50-67%, while soil moisture was conserved by 48-62 g kg⁻¹, earthworm casts were increased by 58-68% and yam tuber yield by 30-52%, irrespective of population density or sowing date, compared with yam monoculture. Intercropping had no effect on the growth and fruit yields of pumpkin, but leaf area index and apical shoot and fruit yields increased by 30-49% as the plant population increased to 10 000 plants ha⁻¹, beyond which there was no further significant increase. Furthermore, apical shoot and fruit yields were remarkably reduced when pumpkin was sown beyond April. Increasing pumpkin population up to 10 000-15 000 plants ha⁻¹ reduced soil temperatures by 0.7-1.2 °C, weeding frequency by 15-35% and weed dry biomass by 36-57%, conserved soil moisture by 46-63 g kg⁻¹, and increased earthworm casts by 20% compared to 5000 plants ha⁻¹ in both cropping systems. Although the sowing date did not affect earthworm casts and weeding frequency, pumpkin sown in March or April reduced soil temperatures by 2.6-4.0 °C and weeds by 27%, and conserved soil moisture by 15-37 g kg⁻¹, compared with May-sown plants. Intercropping pumpkin up to 10 000 plants ha⁻¹ with yam at an optimal sowing date target in March-April is recommended for maximum development and productivity, and when pumpkin is used for live mulch in yam plots to reduce supra-optimal soil temperature, excessive evaporation and weed growth.