Osteogenesis Promotion of Selenium-Doped Hydroxyapatite for Application as Bone Scaffold

The combined bioceramic of selenium (Se) and hydroxyapatite (HA) has been considered as a moderate bone scaffold biomaterial. In the present work, Se was doped into the HA structure using the mechano-chemical alloying (MCA) method for the improvement of osteogenic properties of HA. HA extracted from fish bone and Se-doped hydroxyapatite (Se-HA) were analyzed using X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersion X-ray spectrometer (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). In-vitro cell responses on the Se-HA bioceramic scaffold were investigated using human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAD-MSCs). The effect of Se on cell proliferation was studied by MTT assay, and cell adhesion responses were analyzed by optical microscopy and SEM. Furthermore, the effect of Se on osteogenic properties of HA was studied by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red S (ARS) staining, and Western blot tests. The MTT results showed that the Se dopant synergistically increases the proliferation of hAD-MSCs. Moreover, good cell-adhesive and osteoblast-shaped behaviors were observed on the Se-HA scaffold. The results of osteogenic differentiation demonstrated synergistically enhanced ALP activity and calcification on the Se dopant compared to HA. Also, the results of Western blot test presented that the differentiation of hAD-MSCs toward being a bone tissue was increased by up to 50% while selenium doping. Additional MTT analysis using Human Bone Osteosarcoma cell line (KHOS-240S) revealed the antiproliferative activity of the Se-HA scaffold against bone cancerous cells. Therefore, it has been concluded that Se-HA bioceramic can be employed as a scaffold with simultaneous anticancer and bone regenerative properties.