Photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol on Pd–BiVO4 under visible light irradiation
2020
Wang, Linyuan | Bian, Zhaoyong
In this study, Pd–BiVO₄ bearing highly dispersed Pd nanoparticles was prepared from pure BiVO₄ using an impregnation method. The pure BiVO₄ and Pd–BiVO₄ catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV–visible diffuse reflection, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed that the prepared catalysts had a monoclinic scheelite structure and exhibited a flake-like morphology. Pd–BiVO₄ showed a distinct response in the visible light region, with an extended absorption edge at 550 nm. According to the Scherrer formula, the nanocrystal particle sizes of the BiVO₄ and Pd–BiVO₄ catalysts were 35 and 28 nm, respectively. Highly dispersed Pd nanoparticles with sizes of 2.5 ± 0.5 nm were observed on the BiVO₄ surface. Two Pd valence states, Pd(II) and Pd(0), were identified in a 2:1 ratio. Pd–BiVO₄ exhibited excellent activity for paracetamol (PCT) degradation, with 100% removal achieved in 1 h under visible light irradiation. During degradation, the mineralization ratio reached up to 40% total organic carbon removal. Two highly active species, namely, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, were determined by electron spin resonance (ESR). Furthermore, the potential degradation of PCT in this system was proposed based on intermediate information obtained using HPLC-MS and Gauss analysis. The high dispersion and small size of Pd nanoparticles might favor the removal of emerging contaminants using the Pd–BiVO₄ photocatalytic system.
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