Comparative water use in short-rotation Eucalyptus benthamii and Pinus taeda trees in the Southern United States

Short rotation Eucalyptus plantations offer great potential for increasing wood-fiber production in the southern United States. Eucalyptus plantations can be highly productive (>35m3ha−1year−1), but they may use more water than intensively managed pine (primarily Pinus taeda L.) plantations. This has raised concern about how expansion of Eucalyptus plantations will affect water resources. We compared tree water use, stem growth, and WUE (kgwood perm3 water transpired) in adjacent nine-year-old Eucalyptus benthamii and P. taeda plantations with similar stand density and leaf area. Sap flux (Fd, gcm−2s−1) was measured continuously over one year using thermal dissipation probes. Stem biomass, stem growth, tree water use (Et, Lday−1), canopy transpiration per unit leaf area (El, mmolm−2s−1), and canopy stomatal conductance (Gs, mmolm−2s−1) were quantified. Eucalyptus had higher daily Fd (196.6gcm−2day−1) and mean daily Et (24.6 Lday−1) than pine (105.8gcm−2day−1, 15.2Lday−1). Eucalyptus exhibited a seasonally bimodal pattern in daily Et that did not occur in pine. Monthly Et was 23–51% higher in Eucalyptus and differences between species were greatest in the spring and fall. Annual Et was 32% higher in Eucalyptus (9.13m3H2Oyear−1) than pine (5.79m3H2Oyear−1). Annual stem biomass increment was greater in Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus: 22.9; pine: 11.8kgtree−1year−1), and Eucalyptus had greater WUE (Eucalyptus: 2.86; pine 1.72kgbiomassm−3H2Oyear−1). Pine exhibited a lower seasonal minimum and higher seasonal maximum leaf area index (LAI). At low LAI, there was no significant difference between species in El or Gs; however, at maximum LAI, pine El and Gs were 46 and 43%, respectively of rates observed in Eucalyptus. The species differed in Gs response to vapor pressure deficit (D). At a similar reference Gs (Gs,ref at D=1kPa), pine exhibited greater stomatal sensitivity to D. These results suggest that (1) Eucalyptus trees had higher sap flux and total water use than pine, (2) Eucalyptus had greater stem growth and WUE, and (3) species differences in water use were driven primarily by differences in El and Gs.