Functionalization of Elongated Tetrahexahedral Au Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Activity Assay

Gold nanoparticles are inert for the human body, and therefore, they have been functionalized to provide them with antibacterial properties. Here, elongated tetrahexahedral (ETHH) Au nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized, and functionalized with lipoic acid (LA), a natural antioxidant with a terminal carboxylic acid and a dithiolane ring, to generate ETHH-LA Au nanoparticles. The antioxidant activity of Au nanoparticles was investigated in vitro, showing that LA enhances the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free-radical scavenging and Fe³⁺ ion reducing activity of ETHH-LA at higher amounts. The antimicrobial propensities of the nanoparticles were investigated against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria through propidium iodide assay as well as disk diffusion assay. ETHH-LA Au nanoparticles showed significantly higher antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis compared with E. coli. Furthermore, ETHH-LA Au nanoparticles also showed significantly better antimicrobial activity against both bacterial strains when compared with ETHH. ETHH Au nanoparticles also bring about the oxidation of bacterial cell membrane fatty acids and produce lipid peroxides. ETHH-LA showed higher lipid peroxidation potential than that of ETHH against both bacteria tested. The hemolytic potential of Au nanoparticles was investigated using human red blood cells and ETHH-LA showed reduced hemolytic activity than that of ETHH. The cytotoxicity of Au nanoparticles was investigated using human cervical cancer cells, HeLa, and ETHH-LA Au nanoparticles showed reduced cytotoxicity than that of ETHH. Taken together, LA enhances the antimicrobial activity of ETHH Au nanoparticles and Au nanoparticles interact with the bacteria through electrostatic interactions as well as hydrophobic interactions and damage the bacterial cell wall followed by oxidation of cell membrane fatty acids.