Biochar-based fertilizer effects on crop productivity: a meta-analysis
Melo, Leônidas Carrijo Azevedo | Lehmann, Johannes | Carneiro, Jefferson Santana da Silva | Camps-Arbestain, Marta
AIM: Biochar-based fertilizers (BBF) have gained increasing interest in recent years, yet their effects on crop productivity have not been reviewed. METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis of the published literature (2011-2021) using 148 pairwise comparisons between crop productivity after additions of BBF, of conventional fertilizers (fertilized control), and a non-fertilized control. RESULTS: On average, BBF applied at very low application rates (mean of 0.9 t ha⁻¹) increased crop productivity by 10% compared with fertilized controls and 186% compared with non-fertilized controls. This mean crop productivity increase is comparable to that reported when biochar is used as a soil conditioner (i.e., 15 t-30 t ha⁻¹ to increase crop productivity by 10%). This crop yield increase suggests that biochar acts as a matrix to increase fertilizer use efficiency to a larger extent than conventional fertilizer alone. Cluster analysis revealed that BBFs have the potential to increase crop productivity by 15% when added to soils that are not responsive to conventional fertilizers. BBF produced at a highest heating temperature (HHT) of >400 °C increased crop productivity by 12% as opposed to those produced at a HHT of ≤400 °C that showed no increase. BBF with C contents >30% in the final mixture caused the largest increase in crop productivity by 17%, whereas those with C contents ≤30% had no effect. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that biochar can be an effective constituent of novel fertilizers with enhanced efficiency, which may contribute to lower nutrient losses and lower negative environmental impacts.
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