Land-use changes concerning the riparian vegetation in Galela Lake, North Maluku, Indonesia
2021
Soeprobowati, Tri Retnaningsih | Jumari, Jumari | Saraswati, Tyas Rini | Suhry, Hendro Christi | Gell, Peter
Galela Lake is the largest lake in the Halmahera Utara Regency, North Maluku Province, Indonesia, and is used for domestic water supply, irrigation, aquaculture, and tourism. However, its catchment has been cleared and developed for intensive agriculture. Therefore, there is a need to examine the land-use changes impacting the riparian vegetation of Galela Lake to establish a basis for the development of lake management plans. Research has been conducted at four research sites within the forest (Site I), farmland (Site II), a tourism area (Site III), and near the river inlet (Site IV). In each site, the riparian vegetation was surveyed from the lake banks to 500 m into the neighboring terrestrial habitat. Evidence for changes in the spatial distribution of land-use types in the vicinity of Galela Lake in 2002, 2015, and 2019 were obtained from Landsat images. Galela Lake (302.05 Ha) is exposed to various kinds of human use. During 2002–2019, barren land had been converted into build-up land, and much of the water body of the lake was converted into a riparian zone through the pressures of population growth. Ten of 89 plant species observed within the riparian vegetation around Galela Lake are included in The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List threatened species 2010. Coconut (Cocos nucifera), sugar palm (Arenga pinnata), fig (Ficus variegata), nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), and mango (Mangifera indica) were found to be the most important riparian trees. The second generation stands of riparian vegetation (pole and sapling strata) of several species exhibit potential as conservation plants for land and aquatic ecosystems, such as guest tree (Kleinhovia hospita), bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), the figs (Ficus septica and F. variegata), and sugar palm (A. pinnata).
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