Rhipicephalus microplus: An overview of vaccine antigens against the cattle tick
2022
Pereira, Diogo Fonseca Soares | Ribeiro, Helen Silva | Gonçalves, Ana Alice Maia | da Silva, Augusto Ventura | Lair, Daniel Ferreira | de Oliveira, Diana Souza | Boas, Diego Fernandes Vilas | Conrado, Ingrid dos Santos Soares | Leite, Jaqueline Costa | Barata, Luccas Miranda | Reis, Pedro Campos Carvalhaes | Mariano, Reysla Maria da Silveira | Santos, Thaiza Aline Pereira | Coutinho, Danielle Carvalho Oliveira | Gontijo, Nelder de Figueiredo | Araujo, Ricardo Nascimento | Galdino, Alexsandro Sobreira | Paes, Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira | Melo, Marília Martins | Nagem, Ronaldo Alves Pinto | Dutra, Walderez Ornelas | Silveira-Lemos, Denise da | Rodrigues, Daniel Sobreira | Giunchetti, Rodolfo Cordeiro
Rhipicephalus microplus, popularly known as the cattle tick, is the most important tick of livestock as it is responsible for significant economic losses. The use of chemical acaricides is still the most widely used control method despite its known disadvantages. Vaccination would be a safe alternative for the control of R. microplus and holds advantages over the use of chemical acaricides as it is environmental-friendly and leaves no residues in meat or milk. Two vaccines based on the Bm86 protein were commercialized, TickGARD® and Gavac®, with varying reported efficacies in different countries. The use of other vaccines, such as Tick Vac®, Go-Tick®, and Bovimune Ixovac® have been restricted to some countries. Several other proteins have been analyzed as possible antigens for more effective vaccines against R. microplus, including peptidases, serine proteinase inhibitors, glutathione S-transferases, metalloproteases, and ribosomal proteins, with efficacies ranging from 14% to 96%. Nonetheless, more research is needed to develop safe and efficient tick vaccines, such as the evaluation of the efficacy of antigens against other tick species to verify cross-reactivity and inclusion of additional antigens to promote the blocking of the infection and spreading of tick-borne diseases. This review summarizes the discoveries of candidate antigens for R. microplus tick vaccines as well as the methods used to test their efficacy.
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