Influence of virus strain and antigen mass on efficacy of H5 avian influenza inactivated vaccines

The influence of vaccine strain and antigen mass on the ability of inactivated avian influenza (AI) viruses to protect chicks from a lethal, highly pathogenic (HP) AI challenge was studied. Groups of 4-week-old chickens were immunized with inactivated vaccines containing one of 10 haemagglutinin subtype H5 AI viruses, one heterologous H7 AI virus or normal allantoic (sham), and challenged 3 weeks later by intra-nasal inoculation with a HP H5 chicken-origin AI virus. All 10 H5 vaccines provided good protection from clinical signs and death, and produced positive serological reactions on agar gel immunodiffusion and haemagglutination inhibition tests. In experiment 1, challenge virus was recovered from the oropharynx of 80% of chickens in the H5 vaccine group. In five H5 vaccine groups, challenge virus was not recovered from the cloaca of chickens. In the other five H5 vaccine groups, the number of chickens with detection of challenge virus from the cloaca was lower than in the sham group (P > 0.05). Reductions in the quantity of challenge virus shed from the cloaca and oropharynx were also evident in some H5 vaccinate groups when compared to the sham group. However, there was no positive correlation between the sequence identity of the haemagglutinin gene from the vaccine strain and challenge virus, and the ability to reduce the quantity of challenge virus shed from the cloaca or oropharynx. As the quantity of AI antigen in the vaccines increased, all parameters of protection improved and were virus strain dependent. A/turkey/Wisconsin/68 (H5N9) was the best vaccine candidate of the H5 strains tested (PD(50) = 0.006 microgram AI antigen). These data demonstrate the chickens vaccinated with inactivated H5 whole virus AI vaccines were protected from clinical signs and death, but usage of vaccine generally did not prevent infection by the challenge virus, as indicated by recovery of virus from the oropharynx. Vaccine use reduced cloacal detection rates, and quantity of virus shed from the cloaca and oropharynx in some vaccine groups, which potentially reduce environmental contamination and disease transmission in the field.