‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’: Brazil’s Apple Production with two Varieties Among Ancient Araucaria Trees and Agroforestry, Fusing with Nature | ‘Gala’ und ‘Fuji’ – Brasiliens Apfelanbau mit 2 Sorten im Einklang mit der Natur zwischen alten Araucaria-Bäumen und Agroforestry
2013
Blanke, Michael
Brazil is the largest exporter of agricultural goods (coffee, sugar, soybean, fruits) and third largest fruit producer worldwide (38–43 million t/year) after China (113–140 million t/year) and India (76 million t/year; 2010 data). Apple production under Southern hemisphere conditions in Brazil rose from 650,000 t in 2002 and peaked at 1.4 million t on 39.600 ha in 2011/12, with a slight decline in 2012/13 to 1.05 million t due to orchard reductions in Fraiburgo as a result of lack of chilling, resembled yields in good years in Germany on 32,000 ha. Brazil’s apple consumption concomitantly doubled from 2.9 kg in 1992, 4.6 kg in 2002, to 5.6 kg apples/head/ year in 2010 compared with 20.7 kg in Germany or the EU-17. Fruit consumption in Brazil is circa. 1.0 kg for peach (incl. nectarine), circa 0.84 kg for pear, circa 0.54 kg/head/year for strawberry with an overall circa 78 kg fruit/head/ year. The two apple cultivars ‘Gala’ (Galaxy and Brookfield) and ‘ Fuji’ are grown as slender spindle trees on M 9 rootstock on a 3 wire trellis with 2,500 trees/ha at 26–31°S latitude in the states Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and, to a lesser extent, Parana. New apple varieties from Caςador fruit research station in Santa Catarina such as ‘ Eva’, ‘ Monalisa’, ‘ Condessa’, ‘ Princessa’ and ‘ Daiane’ offer low chill requirement, disease tolerance against mildew and scab, red peel colour and sweet taste with little acid and a sugar: acid ratio of 25–55:1, as required by Brazil’s domestic market, but so far lack market acceptance and a marketing concept. Brazil produces circa 20,500 t/ year of pears on circa 1,750 ha, mainly in Rio Grande do Sul (500 ha), 222,000 t/ year peaches (incl. nectarines) on 20,500 ha and 105.000 t/ year strawberries on ca. 3,700 ha (2010/11 data) with ‘Oso Grande’ (54 %) and ‘Camarosa’ (20 %) as main varieties. Brazil imports less than 100,000 t/ year of apples and with circa 140,000 t/ year most (90 %) of its pears from Argentina and Chile by truck and, to a lesser extent, grapes, plums, peaches and nectarines, with 374,000 t/ year of fruit imports worth 275 million <euro>. Brazil exports circa 50–70,000 t/ year apples viz circa 5 % of its own production resembling the export rate in China. Brazil exports 693,000 t/ year fruit worth ca. 400 million <euro> with 23,000 t of mainly papaya, guave and passion fruit air-freighted to Europe.
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