NSG-Mice Reveal the Importance of a Functional Innate and Adaptive Immune Response to Overcome RVFV Infection
Michaely, Lukas Mathias | Rissmann, Melanie | Keller, Markus | König, Rebecca | von Arnim, Felicitas | Eiden, Martin | Rohn, Karl | Baumgartner, Wolfgang | Groschup, Martin | Ulrich, Reiner
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease caused by RVF Phlebovirus (RVFV). The RVFV MP-12 vaccine strain is known to exhibit residual virulence in the case of a deficient interferon type 1 response. The hypothesis of this study is that virus replication and severity of lesions induced by the MP-12 strain in immunocompromised mice depend on the specific function of the disturbed pathway. Therefore, 10 strains of mice with deficient innate immunity (B6-IFNARᵗᵐᴬᵍᵗ, C.129S7(B6)-Ifngᵗᵐ¹ᵀˢ/J, B6-TLR3ᵗᵐ¹Fˡᵛ, B6-TLR7ᵗᵐ¹ᴬᵏⁱ, NOD/ShiLtJ), helper T-cell- (CD4ᵗᵐ¹ᴹᵃᵏ), cytotoxic T-cell- (CD8ᵃᵗᵐ¹ᴹᵃᵏ), B-cell- (Igh-Jᵗᵐ¹ᴰʰᵘN?+N2), combined T- and B-cell- (NU/J) and combined T-, B-, natural killer (NK) cell- and macrophage-mediated immunity (NOD.Cg-PrkdcˢᶜⁱᵈIl2rgᵗᵐ¹ᵂʲᴵ/SzJ (NSG) mice) were subcutaneously infected with RVFV MP-12. B6-IFNARᵗᵐᴬᵍᵗ mice were the only strain to develop fatal disease due to RVFV-induced severe hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis. Notably, no clinical disease and only mild multifocal hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis were observed in NSG mice, while immunohistochemistry detected the RVFV antigen in the liver and the brain. No or low virus expression and no lesions were observed in the other mouse strains. Conclusively, the interferon type 1 response is essential for early control of RVFV replication and disease, whereas functional NK cells, macrophages and lymphocytes are essential for virus clearance.
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