Human health risk assessment of some bottled waters from Romania

The paper presents the quality status of 14 brands of bottled water, with sources of groundwaters from different mountain areas alongside the Carpathian Mountains from Romania. A number of 12 physico-chemical parameters (ammonium, bicarbonate, electrical conductivity, carbonate, chemical oxygen demand, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, pH, sulphate, total hardness, turbidity), 9 metals and metalloids (Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sr, Ba) and 17 heavy metals (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Tl, Pb, Bi) were determined and studied. The quality status, the potential contamination and the health risk assessment of bottled waters were assessed, by using the drinking water quality index, the heavy metal pollution index, the heavy metal evaluation index, the degree of contamination and the human health risk indices. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied, indicating similarities among the studied bottled waters based on their metal content. The Piper diagram reveals that the majority of bottled water samples fall into the Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, CO₃²⁻, HCO₃⁻ categories. The quality of bottled waters based on the indices results indicated marginal, poor and very-poor quality status of the studied water samples, while the health risk assessment indices presented potential risks at aluminium, chloride and nitrate for the inhabitants who used those water samples with the purpose of drinking. The pollution indices with respect to metals generally reflected a low pollution status. This study represents the first attempt in assessing the overall quality of some bottled water collected from the mountain area, Romania, likewise assessing the comprehensive human health risk due to several chemical elements determined in water in amounts around and exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations. This research can be useful for development of potential strategies for risk control and management in the field of drinking water.