The Effect of an Iron Supplement on Lycopene Metabolism and Absorption During Digestion in Healthy Humans
Kopec, Rachel E. | Caris‐Veyrat, Catherine | Nowicki, Marion | Bernard, Jean‐Paul | Morange, Sophie | Chitchumroonchokchai, Chureeporn | Gleize, Béatrice | Borel, Patrick
SCOPE: To investigate the formation and absorption of lycopene (LYC) metabolites in the human upper gastrointestinal lumen, in the absence and presence of iron. METHODS: Healthy males (n = 7) consumed test meals that deliver ≈22 mg LYC + ≈0.3 mg apo‐lycopenals from oleoresin without (‐FeSO₄) and with ferrous sulfate (160 mg, +FeSO₄). Subjects were intubated with a naso‐gastric/naso‐duodenal tube. Digesta, blood plasma, and the triglyceride‐rich lipoprotein (TRL) fractions of plasma were analyzed using LC–MS/MS, to measure LYC and apo‐lycopenoids. RESULTS: Digesta LYC concentrations increased with time (p = 1.2 × 10⁻⁷), decrease with time × iron (p = 1.1 × 10⁻⁵), and remain ≈200× higher than apo‐lycopenals/lycopenone. Digesta apo‐8′‐, ‐10′‐, ‐12′‐, ‐14′‐, ‐15‐lycopenal, and apo‐13‐lycopenone concentrations increased with time (p < 0.01), apo‐12′‐, ‐14′‐, ‐15‐lycopenal, apo‐13‐lycopenone increase with iron (p < 0.05), and time × iron decrease apo‐8′‐, ‐10′‐, ‐12′‐, ‐14′‐, ‐15‐lycopenal, apo‐13‐lycopenone concentrations (p < 0.01). A 1.9‐fold decrease in LYC TRL area‐under‐the‐time‐concentration‐curve is observed after the test meal +FeSO₄ versus the test meal –FeSO₄ (p = 0.02). Apo‐lycopenals were detected in later TRL fractions, and no apo‐lycopenols or apo‐lycopenoic acids were observed in any samples. CONCLUSIONS: FeSO₄ reduces LYC absorption. Apo‐lycopenals appear to be absorbed from foods, and not made in significant quantities during digestion.
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