Global effect of city-to-city air pollution, health conditions, climatic & socio-economic factors on COVID-19 pandemic
2021
Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu | Owusu, Phebe Asantewaa
The rate of spread of the global pandemic calls for much attention from the empirical literature. The limitation of extant literature in assessing a comprehensive COVID-19 portfolio that accounts for complexities in the spread and containment of the virus underscores this study. We investigate the effect of city-to-city air pollutant species, meteorological conditions, underlying health conditions, socio-economic and demographic factors on COVID-19 health outcomes. We utilize a panel estimation of 615 cities in 6 continents from January 1 to June 11, 2020. While social distancing measures, movement restrictions and lockdown are reported to have improved environmental quality, we show that ambient PM₂.₅ remains unhealthy and above the acceptable threshold in several countries. Our empirical assessment shows that while ambient PM₂.₅, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, pressure, dew, Windgust, and windspeed increase the spread of COVID-19, high relative humidity and ambient temperature have mitigation effect on COVID-19, hence, decreases the number of confirmed cases. We report 66.3% of countries projected to experience a second wave of COVID-19 if government stringency and safety protocols are not enhanced. By extension, our assessments demonstrate that several factors namely underlying health conditions, meteorological, air pollution, health system quality, socio-economic and demographics spur the reproduction effect of COVID-19 across countries. Our study highlights the importance of government stringency in containing the spread of COVID-19 and its impacts.
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