The response of photosynthetic capacity and yield of cotton to various mulching practices under drip irrigation in Northwest China

Mulched drip irrigation is regarded as an effective water-saving irrigation technique that is adopted widely in dryland regions. However, due to the lack of efficient mulch film recovery, residual plastic film fragments accumulating in soil nowadays pose a risk to agricultural production sustainability. To mitigate the pollution result from polyethylene (PE) film mulching and demonstrate the relationship between soil microenvironment, photosynthetic capacity, yield, and water use efficiency of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in various mulching practices, a two-year field experiment was carried out to test five mulching practices (sprayable degradable film mulching; biodegradable transparent film with an 80-day induction period mulching; biodegradable transparent film with a 100-day induction period mulching; conventional transparent polyethylene film mulching; no film mulching) in Xinjiang, Northwest China. The results showed that mulching significantly increased soil water content and temperature by 23.83% and 15.01% (average on two years) in topsoil compared to the bare soil surface, associated with a higher plant height, leaf area index, photosynthetic rate and aboveground biomass accumulation. Soil moisture, temperature, and crop height all significantly influenced cotton leaf photosynthetic rate, and soil moisture had the most significant impact (the direct path coefficient was 0.450). The highest cotton yield and WUE were observed in PE film mulching (5480.59 kg ha⁻¹ and 1.35 kg m⁻³, respectively, average on two years) and the biodegradable transparent film with a 100-day induction period was comparable with PE film in yield increased and reduction of water loss (yield and WUE was 5357.51 kg ha⁻¹ and 1.29 kg m⁻³, respectively, average on two years). The sprayable biodegradable film also had good wetting and warming effects on soil, but notably, sprayable film performances were still weaker than that in solid films. Compared to solid degradable films mulching, soil moisture, soil temperature, photosynthetic rate, yield, and WUE in sprayable film mulching was decreased by 5.55%, 7.19%, 31.41%, 5.31%, and 8.58% on average, respectively. In general, biodegradable transparent film with a 100-day induction period could significantly improve soil water-heat status, enhance cotton development, reduce water evaporation, increase cotton yield and WUE, which provides a cotton-cultivation option to control residual PE fragments pollution and maintained cotton yield.