A Review on Lead Sources, Occurrences, Health Effects, and Treatment Using Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Adsorbent Made from Fish Waste

Omar, Suhair; Muhamad, Mimi Suliza; Te Chuan, Lee; Hadibarata, Tony; Teh, Zee Chuang

A Review on Lead Sources, Occurrences, Health Effects, and Treatment Using Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Adsorbent Made from Fish Waste

2019

Omar, Suhair | Muhamad, Mimi Suliza | Te Chuan, Lee | Hadibarata, Tony | Teh, Zee Chuang

The issues of heavy metal contamination in water sources have been increasing substantially along with the rapid pace of industrial revolution. Lead, particularly, is one of the heavy metals that received considerable attention lately due to its frequent detection in the environment and hazardous effects. Although conventional water treatment processes had been utilized for ages, it is still a challenge to remove lead in the treatment plant effectively. In line with the advancement of chemistry and nanotechnology, the study on hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanopowder made from fish waste (skin, bones, and scales) has brought to its beneficial use as an adsorbent for lead removal in water. This paper reviews on the sources, occurrences, and health effects of lead as well as the treatment of lead using HAp adsorbent for its removal in water.

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