Pontiella desulfatans gen. nov., sp. nov., and Pontiella sulfatireligans sp. nov., Two Marine Anaerobes of the Pontiellaceae fam. nov. Producing Sulfated Glycosaminoglycan-like Exopolymers
van Vliet, Daan M. | Lin, Yuemei | Bale, Nicole J. | Koenen, Michel | Villanueva, Laura | Stams, Alfons J. M. | Sánchez-Andrea, Irene
Recently, we isolated two marine strains, F1ᵀ and F21ᵀ, which together with Kiritimatiella glycovorans L21-Fru-ABᵀ are the only pure cultures of the class Kiritimatiellae within the phylum Verrucomicrobiota. Here, we present an in-depth genome-guided characterization of both isolates with emphasis on their exopolysaccharide synthesis. The strains only grew fermentatively on simple carbohydrates and sulfated polysaccharides. Strains F1ᵀ, F21ᵀ and K. glycovorans reduced elemental sulfur, ferric citrate and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate during anaerobic growth on sugars. Both strains produced exopolysaccharides during stationary phase, probably with intracellularly stored glycogen as energy and carbon source. Exopolysaccharides included N-sulfated polysaccharides probably containing hexosamines and thus resembling glycosaminoglycans. This implies that the isolates can both degrade and produce sulfated polysaccharides. Both strains encoded an unprecedently high number of glycoside hydrolase genes (422 and 388, respectively), including prevalent alpha-L-fucosidase genes, which may be necessary for degrading complex sulfated polysaccharides such as fucoidan. Strain F21ᵀ encoded three putative glycosaminoglycan sulfotransferases and a putative sulfate glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis gene cluster. Based on phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analyses, we propose the taxa Pontiella desulfatans F1ᵀ gen. nov., sp. nov. and Pontiella sulfatireligans F21ᵀ sp. nov. as representatives of the Pontiellaceae fam. nov. within the class Kiritimatiellae.
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