State of the art in large-scale soil moisture monitoring
Ochsner, E. | Cosh, M.H. | Cuenca, Richard | Dorigo R., H. | Draper C., S. | Hagimoto, Y. | Kerr, Yann H. | Larson K., M. | Njoku, E.G. | Small E., E. | Zreda, M. | University of Oklahoma (OU) | United States Department of Agriculture ; USDA Agricultural Research Service [Maricopa, AZ] (USDA) ; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering ; Oregon State University (OSU) | Vienna University of Technology = Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien) | NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) | GESTAR ; Universite Space | Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO) ; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3) ; Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP) ; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3) ; Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences ; University of Colorado [Boulder] | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ; NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH) | University of Colorado [Boulder] | Department of Hydrology and Water Resources (HWR) ; University of Arizona
Soil moisture is an essential climate variable influencing land-atmosphere interactions, an essential hydrologic variable impacting rainfall-runoff processes, an essential ecological variable regulating net ecosystem exchange, and an essential agricultural variable constraining food security. Large-scale soil moisture monitoring has advanced in recent years, creating opportunities to transform scientific understanding of soil moisture and related processes. These advances are being driven by researchers from a broad range of disciplines, but this complicates collaboration and communication; and, for some applications, the science required to utilize large-scale soil moisture data is poorly developed. In this review, we describe the state of the art in large-scale soil moisture monitoring and identify some critical needs for research to optimize the use of increasingly available soil moisture data. We review representative examples of (i) emerging in situ and proximal sensing techniques, (ii) dedicated soil moisture remote sensing missions, (iii) soil moisture monitoring networks, and (iv) applications of large-scale soil moisture measurements. Significant near-term progress seems possible in the use of large-scale soil moisture data for drought monitoring. Assimilation of soil moisture data for meteorological or hydrologic forecasting also shows promise, but significant challenges related to spatial variability and model structures remain. Little progress has been made in the use of large-scale soil moisture observations within the context of ecological or agricultural modeling. Opportunities abound to advance the science and practice of large-scale soil moisture monitoring for the sake of improved Earth system monitoring, modeling, and forecasting.
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