Impact of land degradation from mining activities on the sediment fluxes in two large rivers of French Guiana
Gallay, Marjorie | Martinez, Jean-michel | Allo, Sebastien | Mora, Abrahan | Cochonneau, Gerard | Gardel, Antoine | Doudou, Jean-claude | Sarrazin, Max | Chow-toun, Franck | Laraque, Alain
We analyzed two contrasting catchments located among the world's largest unspoiled tropical rainforests impacted by mining in the northeastern coastlands of South America. We used the following: (a) mining, agricultural, and urbanized areas to compare the land use evolution with suspended sediments and sediment yields; (b) field monthly river suspended sediments in the two catchments (2004-2015: n = 154); (c) MODIS remote sensing water color technique in the Maroni basin to complete (n = 387) and extend field suspended sediment sampling from 2000 to 2015; (d) hydroclimatic statistical analysis conditions and sediment concentrations to identify the long-term trends, the abrupt changes in time series and to analyze if the environmental and anthropogenic factors control sediment yield regional variations. No significant long-term changes were observed in precipitation or water discharge with the Mann-Kendall test. However, the mean suspended sediment concentration has increased significantly (239%) in the Maroni River with a breakpoint in 2009 and decreased (33%) in the Oyapock River (breakpoint in 2008). These differences are explained by the larger percentage of deforestation because of mining activities in the Maroni (0.37%) than in the Oyapock (0.06%) catchment. In the Maroni River, the increasing sediment yield trend (2000-2015) coincide significantly (r2 = 0.97; p < 0.0001) with the increase of 400% of mining areas, whereas no significant relationship with the runoff was found. In the Oyapock River, the runoff explains the sediment yield decreasing trend (r2 = 0.82; p < 0.0001) and no relationship with the land use change was found.
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