Inter‑individual consistency in habitat selection patterns and spatial range constraints of female little bustards during the non‑breeding season

Background: Identifying the factors that affect ranging behavior of animals is a central issue to ecology and an essential tool for designing effective conservation policies. This knowledge provides the information needed to pre- dict the consequences of land-use change on species habitat use, especially in areas subject to major habitat trans- formations, such as agricultural landscapes. We evaluate inter-individual variation relative to environmental predictors and spatial constraints in limiting ranging behavior of female little bustards (Tetrax tetrax) in the non-breeding season. Our analyses were based on 11 females tracked with GPS during 5 years in northeastern Spain. We conducted devi- ance partitioning analyses based on different sets of generalized linear mixed models constructed with environmen- tal variables and spatial filters obtained by eigenvector mapping, while controlling for temporal and inter-individual variation. Results: The occurrence probability of female little bustards in response to environmental variables and spatial filters within the non-breeding range exhibited inter-individual consistency. Pure spatial factors and joint spatial-habitat factors explained most of the variance in the models. Spatial predictors representing aggregation patterns at ~ 18 km and 3-5 km respectively had a high importance in female occurrence. However, pure habitat effects were also identi- fied. Terrain slope, alfalfa, corn stubble and irrigated cereal stubble availability were the variables that most contrib- uted to environmental models. Overall, models revealed a non-linear negative effect of slope and positive effects of intermediate values of alfalfa and corn stubble availability. High levels of cereal stubble in irrigated land and roads had also a positive effect on occurrence at the population level. Conclusions: Our results provide evidence that female little bustard ranging behavior was spatially constrained beyond environmental variables during the non-breeding season. This pattern may result from different not mutually exclusive processes, such as cost-benefit balances of animal movement, configurational heterogeneity of environ- ment or from high site fidelity and conspecific attraction. Measures aimed at keeping alfalfa availability and habitat heterogeneity in open landscapes and flat terrains, in safe places close to breeding grounds, could contribute to protect little bustard populations during the non-breeding season.