Constraining Present‐Day Anthropogenic Total Iron Emissions Using Model and Observations
2024
Rathod, Sagar D. | Hamilton, Douglas S. | Nino, Lance | Kreidenweis, Sonia M. | Bian, Qijing | Mahowald, Natalie M. | Alastuey, Andres | Querol, Xavier | Paytan, Adina | Artaxo, Paulo | Herut, Barak | Gaston, Cassandra | Prospero, Joseph | Chellam, Shankararaman | Hueglin, Christoph | Varrica, Daniela | Dongarra, Gaetano | Cohen, David D. | Smichowski, Patricia | Gomez, Dario | Lambert, Fabrice | Barraza, Francisco | Bergametti, Gilles | Rodríguez, Sergio | Gonzalez‐Ramos, Yenny | Hand, Jenny | Kyllönen, Katriina | Hakola, Hannele | Chuang, Patrick | Hopke, Philip K. | Harrison, Roy M. | Martin, Randall V. | Walsh, Brenna | Weagle, Crystal | Maenhaut, Willy | Morera‐Gómez, Yasser | Chen, Yu‐Cheng | Pierce, Jeffrey R. | Bond, Tami C. | Ilmatieteen laitos | Finnish Meteorological Institute | 0000-0001-8211-5634 | 0000-0002-9711-9053
Iron emissions from human activities, such as oil combustion and smelting, affect the Earth's climate and marine ecosystems. These emissions are difficult to quantify accurately due to a lack of observations, particularly in remote ocean regions. In this study, we used long-term, near-source observations in areas with a dominance of anthropogenic iron emissions in various parts of the world to better estimate the total amount of anthropogenic iron emissions. We also used a statistical source apportionment method to identify the anthropogenic components and their sub-sources from bulk aerosol observations in the United States. We find that the estimates of anthropogenic iron emissions are within a factor of 3 in most regions compared to previous inventory estimates. Under- or overestimation varied by region and depended on the number of sites, interannual variability, and the statistical filter choice. Smelting-related iron emissions are overestimated by a factor of 1.5 in East Asia compared to previous estimates. More long-term iron observations and the consideration of the influence of dust and wildfires could help reduce the uncertainty in anthropogenic iron emissions estimates.
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