African horse sickness Virus: History, transmission, and current status
Carpenter, Simon | Mellor, Philip S. | Fall, Assane G. | Garros, Claire | Venter, Gert J. | Vector-borne Viral Diseases Program ; Pirbright Institute | Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires [Dakar] (LNERV) ; Institut sénégalais de recherches agricoles [Dakar] (ISRA) | Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE) ; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) | Parasites, Vectors, and Vector-Borne Diseases ; Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute | Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases ; University of Pretoria [South Africa] | This study was partially funded by EU grant FP7-261504 EDENext and is cataloged by the EDENext Steering Committee as EDENext 468 (http://www.edenext.edu). S.C. was funded by BBSRC grant BBS/E/I/00001701 and UK Horserace Betting Levy Board grant Prj766. | European Project: 261504
African horse sickness virus (AHSV) is a lethal arbovirus of equids that is transmitted between hosts primarily by biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). AHSV affects draft, thoroughbred, and companion horses and donkeys in Africa, Asia, and Europe. In this review, we examine the impact of AHSV critically and discuss entomological studies that have been conducted to improve understanding of its epidemiology and control. The transmission of AHSV remains a major research focus and we critically review studies that have implicated both Culicoides and other blood-feeding arthropods in this process. We explore AHSV both as an epidemic pathogen and within its endemic range as a barrier to development, an area of interest that has been underrepresented in studies of the virus to date. By discussing AHSV transmission in the African republics of South Africa and Senegal, we provide a more balanced view of the virus as a threat to equids in a diverse range of settings, thus leading to a discussion of key areas in which our knowledge of transmission could be improved. The use of entomological data to detect, predict and control AHSV is also examined, including reference to existing studies carried out during unprecedented outbreaks of bluetongue virus in Europe, an arbovirus of wild and domestic ruminants also transmitted by Culicoides.
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