Development and Validation of Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Detecting Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in Cattle, Swine, and Chicken
Abhinay Gontu | Erika A. Marlin | Santhamani Ramasamy | Sabarinath Neerukonda | Gayatri Anil | Jasmine Morgan | Meysoon Quraishi | Chen Chen | Veda Sheersh Boorla | Ruth H. Nissly | Padmaja Jakka | Shubhada K. Chothe | Abirami Ravichandran | Nishitha Kodali | Saranya Amirthalingam | Lindsey LaBella | Kathleen Kelly | Pazhanivel Natesan | Allen M. Minns | Randall M. Rossi | Jacob R. Werner | Ernest Hovingh | Scott E. Lindner | Deepanker Tewari | Vivek Kapur | Kurt J. Vandegrift | Costas D. Maranas | Meera Surendran Nair | Suresh V. Kuchipudi
Multiple domestic and wild animal species are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cattle and swine are susceptible to experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection. The unchecked transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in animal hosts could lead to virus adaptation and the emergence of novel variants. In addition, the spillover and subsequent adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in livestock could significantly impact food security as well as animal and public health. Therefore, it is essential to monitor livestock species for SARS-CoV-2 spillover. We developed and optimized species-specific indirect ELISAs (iELISAs) to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in cattle, swine, and chickens using the spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) antigen. Serum samples collected prior to the COVID-19 pandemic were used to determine the cut-off threshold. RBD hyperimmunized sera from cattle (<i>n</i> = 3), swine (<i>n</i> = 6), and chicken (<i>n</i> = 3) were used as the positive controls. The iELISAs were evaluated compared to a live virus neutralization test using cattle (<i>n</i> = 150), swine (<i>n</i> = 150), and chicken (<i>n</i> = 150) serum samples collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. The iELISAs for cattle, swine, and chicken were found to have 100% sensitivity and specificity. These tools facilitate the surveillance that is necessary to quickly identify spillovers into the three most important agricultural species worldwide.
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