The acute effect of incorporating lettuce or watercress into a moderately high-fat meal on postprandial lipid, glycemic response, and plasma inflammatory cytokines in healthy young men: a randomized crossover trial

Abstract Background Postprandial responses to food mostly depend on the composition of the meal and the consumption of vegetables may modulate this postprandial state. In this study, the effects of lettuce or watercress consumption with a moderately high-fat meal (40% kcal from fat) on postprandial lipemia, glycemia, and inflammatory cytokines were determined in healthy men. Methods This randomized, 3-arm, crossover study was conducted in sixteen healthy young men with a mean ± SEM age and body mass index (in kg/m2) of 22.8 ± 0.5 years old and 23.7 ± 1.16, respectively. Lettuce and watercress were added to the test meal in portions of 100 g and cellulose was added to the control meal. Thereafter, blood samples were collected by passing 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h for analysis. The postprandial response was measured in plasma glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, high-density-lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density-lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C), as the area under the postprandial curve (AUC). Moreover, plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined once before and once 4 h after the meal’s consumption. Results The 0–4-h AUCs for glucose (385.7, 361.9, and 382.3 mg/dL for the control, lettuce, and watercress meals, respectively) were calculated to be lower when meal was consumed with lettuce compared to the control (P < 0.05) and watercress (P < 0.01) meals. The maximum values of insulin were obtained as 43.8 ± 18.8, 33.5 ± 19.5, and 42.8 ± 17.7 μIU/mL for the control, lettuce, and watercress meals, respectively. As well, the lettuce-containing meal more reduced the AUC for insulin compared with the control (P < 0.05), but not watercress. Notably, plasma TG, total cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C had no significant differences among the meals. Moreover, the levels of plasma IL-6 and TNF-α did not differ among the meals. Conclusion In this study on healthy men, the addition of lettuce to a moderately high-fat meal delayed the postprandial glycemic response. However, the effect of the consumption of these vegetables on postprandial responses in subjects with cardiometabolic risk factors remains to be elucidated yet. This clinical trial was registered at the Iran Clinical Trials Registration Office (IRCT) on March 3, 2018, with an ID of IRCT20160702028742N4 ( https://www.irct.ir/user/trial/23233/view ).