Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites Are Produced by <i>Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi</i> When Confronted with Biological and Chemical Control Agents
Micaela Álvarez | Isadora Agostini | Sofia Silva | Rosangela Dallemole-Giaretta | Michael Sulyok | Ana Sampaio | Paula Rodrigues
<i>Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi</i> (Gs) is a relevant pathogen of chestnut since it provokes significant losses worldwide. The aim of this study was to screen the effect of a new biocontrol agent (BCA) against Gs isolated from chestnut (CIMO-BCA1) on the mould’s growth as well as on the production of secondary metabolites. The chemical fungicide Horizon<sup>®</sup> (tebuconazole; HOR) and the commercial biofungicide Serenade<sup>®</sup> ASO (<i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> QST 713; ASO) were also tested. Three concentrations of each antifungal (HOR, ASO, and CIMO-BCA1) were faced with Gs in the growth study in a chestnut-based medium. The intermediate concentrations were used for the analyses of metabolites by LC-MS/MS. CIMO-BCA1 was also identified as <i>B. amyloliquefaciens</i>. All agents reduced the mould’s growth, and the CIMO-BCA1 treatment with an intermediate concentration was the most effective. The metabolite analysis revealed, for the first time, the production of two mycotoxins by Gs, including 3-nitropropionic acid and diplodiatoxin. Additionally, HOR stimulated the production of diplodiatoxin. In conclusion, Gs could present a health risk for consumers. <i>B. amyloliquefaciens</i> strains effectively decreased the mould’s growth, but they must be applied at effective concentrations or in combination with other strategies to completely reduce the hazard.
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