Anthropogenic Impacts Allowed for the Invasion of Understory Species, Affecting the Sustainability of Management Practices in Southern Patagonia
Yamina Micaela Rosas | Pablo Luis Peri | Juan Manuel Cellini | María V. Lencinas | Sebastian Kepfer Rojas | Inger Kappel Schmidt | Sebastián Pechar | Marcelo Daniel Barrera | Guillermo J. Martínez Pastur
Forest management aims to preserve integrity and ecosystem resilience. Conservation and species invasion patterns must be determined in managed landscapes. The objectives of this study were to identify proxies that allowed plant species invasion (natives and exotics) and define thresholds of human impacts to improve management. We also wanted to identify indicator species for different impacts and environments. A total of 165 plots were measured in <i>Nothofagus antarctica</i> forests and associated open lands (dry and wet grasslands) in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). We found differences in the studied variables across the landscape and among different uses and impacts. Human impacts influence land types, emphasizing the importance of managing intensities. Indicator plant species allowed for the identification of potential ecological thresholds related to human impacts and the establishment of species linked to ecological and economic degradation, e.g., <i>Bolax gummifera</i> and <i>Azorella trifurcata</i> (cushion plants) were associated with high grazing pressure in grasslands and fires in forested areas, while <i>Rumex acetosella</i> and <i>Achillea millefolium</i> (erect herbs), typically associated with forested areas, were related to high harvesting pressures and fire impacts. These findings contribute to our understanding of the long-term effects of some human impacts (e.g., harvesting and ranching) and allow us to define variables of monitoring and indicator species for each impact type.
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