A Review on the Composition and Biosynthesis of Alkaloids and on the Taxonomy, Domestication, and Cultivation of Medicinal <i>Fritillaria</i> Species
2022
Aili Qu | Qingfei Wu | Jiahao Su | Chengyuan Li | Li Yang | Zhi’an Wang | Zhonghua Wang | Zhaohui Li | Xiao Ruan | Yingxian Zhao | Qiang Wang
<i>Fritillaria</i> is a perennial herb with medicinal properties. There are 158 <i>Fritillaria</i> species worldwide, 33 of which have reported therapeutic efficacy. Alkaloids are the principal constituents in <i>Fritillaria</i>. <i>Fritillaria</i> species growing at 2700–4000 m are the sources of extract namely Chuan Beimu (the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, 2020 Edition), with low biomass, mainly containing more 5α-cevanine isosteroidal alkaloids with <i>cis</i>-configuration. In contrast, species growing below 1500 m are usually taller than 50 cm, and they mainly contain more <i>trans</i>-configuration isosteroidal alkaloids. There are two schemes of the biosynthetic pathways of steroidal alkaloids with different frameworks and catalytic reactions and combined high-throughput omics data. Based on the distributed elevations, <i>Fritillaria</i> species were divided into three major categories, which met classification features based on phylogenetic analysis or morphological features. Artificial or in vitro cultivations are effective strategies for balancing economical requirements and ecological protection. <i>Fritillaria</i> species growing at lower altitudes can be cultivated by bulb reproduction, but species growing at higher altitudes still rely mainly on gathering a large number of wild resources. Integration of asexual tissue culture and bulb reproduction with sexual artificial or imitated wild cultivation may create a very promising and effective way to maintain sustainable industrial development of <i>Fritillaria</i>.
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