Bioregulators Can Improve Biomass Production, Photosynthetic Efficiency, and Ornamental Quality of <i>Gazania rigens</i> L.
Faisal Zulfiqar | Adnan Younis | Zainul Abideen | Alessandra Francini | Antonio Ferrante
<i>Gazania rigens</i> L. is a perennial herbaceous plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family, widely used as bedding or ornamental potted plants. The environmental and economic sustainability of ornamental production can be enhanced using environmentally friendly bioregulators. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of key bioregulators gibberellic acid ((GA<sub>3</sub>) at 50, 100 or 150 mg L<sup>−1</sup>), humic acid ((HA) at 100, 300 or 600 mg L<sup>−1</sup>), and ascorbic acid ((AA) at 50, 100 or 200 mg L<sup>−1</sup>)), on the growth, leaf gas exchange, and ornamental quality of <i>G. rigens</i>. The results indicated that plants treated with foliar applications of GA<sub>3</sub>, HA, or AA exhibited higher plant fresh and dry biomass, plant height, leaf area, and leaf area ratio, root-shoot ratio, root-shoot mass fractions, and number of flowers, as well as the flowers display time. All bioregulator treatments enhanced the vegetative and floral characteristics of <i>Gazania</i> plants. The GA<sub>3</sub> was the most efficient at the concentration of 100 mg L<sup>−1</sup>. The highest efficacy of HA and AA treatments was observed at the higher concentrations, 600 and 200 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. These results were associated with higher photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E) as well as stomatal conductance (gs), and water use efficiency (WUE). In conclusion, the results suggest that foliar-applied bioregulators to <i>Gazania</i> are promising and represent sustainable strategies to enhance growth, flowering, and flower display time of <i>Gazania</i> plants.
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