Impact of in ovo administered pioneer colonizers on intestinal proteome on day of hatch

Pioneer colonization of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by bacteria is thought to have major influence on neonatal tissue development. Previous studies have shown in ovo inoculation of embryos with saline (S), species of Citrobacter (C, C2), or lactic acid bacteria (L) resulted in an altered microbiome on day of the hatch (DOH). The present study investigated GIT proteomic changes at DOH in relation to different inoculations. Embryos were inoculated in ovo with S or ∼102 cfu of C, C2, or L at 18 embryonic days. On DOH, the GIT was collected, and tissue proteins were extracted for analysis via tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 493 proteins were identified for differential comparison with S at P ≤ 0.10. Different levels were noted in 107, 39, and 78 proteins in C, C2, and L groups, respectively, which were uploaded to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to determine canonical pathways and biological functions related to these changes. Three members of the cytokine family (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL6, and Oncostatin M) were predicted to be activated in C2, indicated with Z-score ≥ 1.50, which suggested an overall proinflammatory GIT condition. This was consistent with the activation of the acute-phase response signaling pathway seen exclusively in C2 (Z-score = 2.00, P < 0.01). However, activation (Z-score = 2.00) of IL-13, upregulation of peroxiredoxin-1 and superoxide dismutase 1, in addition to activation of nitric oxide signaling in the cardiovascular system of the L treatment may predict a state of increased antioxidant capacity and decreased inflammatory status. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-mediated oxidative stress response (Z-score = 2.00, P < 0.01) was predicted to be upregulated in C which suggested that chicks were in an inflammatory state and associated oxidative stress, but the impact of these pathways differed from that of C2. These changes in the proteome suggest that pioneer colonizing microbiota may have a strong impact on pathways associated with GIT immune and cellular development.