Exploring the Efficacy of Four Apiaceae Essential Oils against Nine Stored-Product Pests in Wheat Protection
Nickolas G. Kavallieratos | Nikoleta Eleftheriadou | Maria C. Boukouvala | Anna Skourti | Constantin S. Filintas | Demeter Lorentha S. Gidari | Filippo Maggi | Paolo Rossi | Ettore Drenaggi | Mohammad Reza Morshedloo | Marta Ferrati | Eleonora Spinozzi
The Apiaceae family, known for aromatic plants producing bioactive essential oils (EOs), holds significance across sectors, including agrochemicals. This study evaluated the insecticidal potential of four Apiaceae EOs from <i>Crithmum maritimum L.</i>, <i>Trachyspermum ammi</i> (L.) Sprague ex Turrill, <i>Smyrnium olusatrum</i> L., and <i>Elwendia persica</i> (Boiss.) Pimenov and Kljuykov against various significant storage pests (<i>Sitophilus oryzae</i> (L.), <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> Everts, <i>Rhyzopertha dominica</i> (F.), <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst), <i>T. confusum</i> Jacquelin du Val, <i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i> (L.), <i>Alphitobius diaperinus</i> (Panzer), <i>Acarus siro</i> L., and <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> L.) on wheat. Insect mortality rates were monitored at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days. <i>Smyrnium olusatrum</i> EO exhibited the highest efficacy, followed by <i>T. ammi</i>, <i>C. maritimum</i>, and <i>E. persica</i> EOs, although efficacy varied by species, developmental stage, and concentration. Notably, complete mortality occurred for several pests at 1000 ppm of <i>S. olusatrum</i> and <i>T. ammi</i> EOs. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed key compounds in these EOs, including myrcene, germacrone, and curzerene in <i>S. olusatrum</i> EO, and thymol, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene in <i>T. ammi</i> EO. These findings emphasize their potential as botanical insecticides. <i>Smyrnium olusatrum</i> and <i>T. ammi</i> EOs emerge as promising eco-friendly pest management options due to their efficacy, highlighted compound composition, and availability of biomass from both wild and cultivated sources.
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