The <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Strain EC9 Primes the Plant Immune System for Superior Biocontrol of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>
Kenneth Madriz-Ordeñana | Sercan Pazarlar | Hans Jørgen Lyngs Jørgensen | Tue Kjærgaard Nielsen | Yingqi Zhang | Kai Lønne Nielsen | Lars Hestbjerg Hansen | Hans Thordal-Christensen
Antibiosis is a key feature widely exploited to develop biofungicides based on the ability of biological control agents (BCAs) to produce fungitoxic compounds. A less recognised attribute of plant-associated beneficial microorganisms is their ability to stimulate the plant immune system, which may provide long-term, systemic self-protection against different types of pathogens. By using conventional antifungal in vitro screening coupled with <i>in planta</i> assays, we found antifungal and non-antifungal <i>Bacillus</i> strains that protected the ornamental plant Kalanchoe against the soil-borne pathogen <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> in experimental and commercial production settings. Further examination of one antifungal and one non-antifungal strain indicated that high protection efficacy <i>in planta</i> did not correlate with antifungal activity <i>in vitro</i>. Whole-genome sequencing showed that the non-antifungal strain EC9 lacked the biosynthetic gene clusters associated with typical antimicrobial compounds. Instead, this bacterium triggers the expression of marker genes for the jasmonic and salicylic acid defence pathways, but only after pathogen challenge, indicating that this strain may protect Kalanchoe plants by priming immunity. We suggest that the stimulation of the plant immune system is a promising mode of action of BCAs for the development of novel biological crop protection products.
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