Chemical Profiles and Insecticidal Potential of Essential Oils Isolated from Four <i>Thymus</i> Species against <i>Rhyzopertha dominica</i> (F.)
Asgar Ebadollahi | Bahram Naseri | Zahra Abedi | William N. Setzer
Although chemical pesticides have been efficiently used to manage insect pest, their overuse has led to environmental contamination and threats to human health, enticing researchers to introduce eco-friendly and effective agents. In this study, the insecticidal effectiveness of essential oils isolated from <i>Thymus</i> species, including <i>T. eriocalyx</i>, <i>T. kotschyanus</i>, <i>T. fallax</i>, and <i>T. vulgaris</i>, was evaluated against the adults of <i>Rhyzopertha dominica</i>. The terpenes <i>p</i>-cymene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, α-terpineol, and carvacrol were the prominent compounds in the hydrodistilled essential oils. All essential oils produced significant fumigant at 24, 48, and 72-exposure times. The energy reserves protein by all essential oils, glycogen by <i>T. kotschyanus</i> and <i>T. vulgaris</i>, and lipid by <i>T. fallax</i> and <i>T. vulgaris</i> were significantly decreased compared to control. All essential oils except <i>T. vulgaris</i> affected the amylolytic and proteolytic activity of the pest. The pest increased the α- and β-esterase enzyme activity in response to the essential oils. Nutritional indices of adults were also affected by essential oils, in which feeding deterrence index was calculated from 20.41% to 61.11%. Accordingly, based on lethal and extensive sub-lethal insecticidal activities, <i>T. eriocalyx</i>, <i>T. kotschyanus</i>, <i>T. fallax</i>, and <i>T. vulgaris</i> essential oils can be considered as efficient agents for <i>R. dominica</i> management.
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