Effects of Zinc, Copper and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Induced DNA Methylation, Genomic Instability and LTR Retrotransposon Polymorphism in Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.)

Nanomaterials with unique and diverse physico-chemical properties are used in plant science since they improve plant growth and development and offer protection against biotic and abiotic stressors. Previous studies have explored the effects of such nanomaterials on different plant mechanisms, but information about the effects of nanomaterials on induced DNA methylation, genomic instability and LTR retrotransposon polymorphism in wheat is lacking. Therefore, the present study highlights the key role of nanoparticles in DNA methylation and polymorphism in wheat by investigating the effects of ZnO, CuO and γ-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) on mature embryo cultures of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.). Nanoparticles were supplemented with Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium at normal (1X), double (2X) and triple (3X) concentrations. The findings revealed different responses to the polymorphism rate depending on the nanoparticle type and concentration. Genomic template stability (GTS) values were used to compare the changes encountered in iPBS profiles. ZnO, CuO and γ-Fe₃O₄ NPs increased the polymorphism rate and cytosine methylation compared to the positive control while reducing GTS values. Moreover, non-γ-Fe₃O₄ NPs treatments and 2X ZnO and CuO NP treatments yielded higher polymorphism percentages in both <i>Msp</i>I- and <i>Hpa</i>II-digested CRED-iPBS assays and were thus classified as hypermethylation when the average polymorphism percentage for <i>Msp</i>I digestion was considered. On the other hand, the 3X concentrations of all nanoparticles decreased <i>HpaII</i> and <i>MspI</i> polymorphism percentages and were thus classified as hypomethylation. The findings revealed that MS medium supplemented with nanoparticles had epigenetic and genotoxic effects.