Vapor and Liquid Phase Profiles of Essential Oils from <i>Abies</i>, <i>Picea</i> and <i>Pinus</i> Species and Their Phytotoxic Interactions with Weed Growth in Pre- and Post-Emergence Conditions
Stefania Garzoli | Valentina Vaglia | Marcello Iriti | Sara Vitalini
The chemical content of essential oils (EO) obtained from the leaves of four Pinaceae (<i>Abies alba</i>, <i>Picea abies</i>, <i>Pinus cembra</i> and <i>Pinus mugo</i>) was investigated by SPME-GC-MS technique. The vapor phase was characterized by the monoterpenes with values higher than 95.0%. Among them, <i>α</i>-pinene (24.7–48.5%), limonene (17.2–33.1%) and <i>β</i>-myrcene (9.2–27.8%) were the most abundant. The monoterpenic fraction prevailed over the sesquiterpenic one (≥74.7%) in the EO liquid phase. Limonene was the major compound in <i>A. alba</i> (30.4%), <i>P. abies</i> (20.3%) and <i>P. mugo</i> (78.5%), while <i>α</i>-pinene in <i>P. cembra</i> (36.2%). Regarding the phytotoxic properties, EOs were studied at different doses (2–100 μL) and concentrations (2–20/100 μL/mL). All EOs were found to be significantly active (<i>p</i>-value ˂ 0.05) against the two recipient species in a dose-dependent way. In pre-emergence tests, germination of <i>Lolium multiflorum</i> and <i>Sinapis alba</i> was reduced by up to 62–66% and 65–82%, respectively, as well as their growth by up to 60–74% and 65–67%, due to the effects of compounds in both the vapor and liquid phases. In post-emergence conditions, at the highest concentration, the phytotoxicity of EOs caused heavy symptoms and, in the case of <i>S. alba</i>, <i>A. alba</i> EO completely destroyed (100%) the treated seedlings.
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