Association of herd hyperketolactia prevalence with transition management practices and herd productivity on Canadian dairy farms—A retrospective cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT: The objective of this observational study was to assess the relationship between herd-level prevalence of hyperketolactia (HPH) with management practices of the transition period and herd milk production. Dairy herds (n = 71) were selected based on their inclusion in a herd management risk assessment study (August 2014–March 2018) using a Vital 90 (Elanco) Risk Assessment tool (one assessment per farm). Data from multiple milk recording test-days (Dairy Herd Improvement, DHI; Lactanet) were included in the analysis. Tests performed within ±6 mo relative to each farm's risk assessment date were included (10 ± 2 SD tests per farm). The majority of the farms were located in Ontario (83%). For each farm DHI test, the data set included herd average milk yield (kg/cow per day), average milk fat and protein (%), average somatic cell count (cells/mL), average days in milk (DIM), number of cows tested for ketosis, number of ketosis-positive tests (milk β-hydroxybutyrate ≥0.15 mmol/L), and proportion of cows by parity groups. Overall HPH (5–21 DIM) was calculated based on data available per farm (sum of all positive tests within 5–21 DIM/sum of all cows tested within 5–21 DIM). Each farm average was obtained by considering all test-days. A logit-transformation was applied to hyperketolactia prevalence. Linear regression models (PROC GLM and MIXED of SAS, Version 9.4) were used to predict herd HPH (milk β-hydroxybutyrate ≥0.15 mmol/L within 5 to 21 DIM; the outcome of interest). Four initial models (far-off, close-up, and fresh periods, and DHI) were separately built to assess associations between their variables and HPH; a final model considered variables selected in the initial models. Univariable (liberal P < 0.25) followed by multivariable models were used to build specific models for each period of the risk assessment. Herd prevalence of hyperketolactia was 27 ± 14%, with an average herd size of 141 ± 110 cows. The final HPH model (R2 = 24.8%) included weighted milk yield, the proportion of primiparous cows, water access in the close-up period, and access to rest areas or stall access in the fresh period. Herd prevalence of hyperketolactia was negatively associated with milk yield [odds ratio, OR = 0.96 (95% confidence interval 0.92–0.99)] and proportion of primiparous cows [OR = 0.98 (0.96–0.99)]. The odds of hyperketolactia were greater with poor water access and quality (<5 cm of linear access per cow; dirty water; only 1 water location in pen) than with ≥10.2 cm of linear access per cow; clean water; >2 water locations in pen [1.23 (1.11–2.39)] in the close-up period. The odds of hyperketolactia were greater in farms providing limited access to rest areas in the fresh period than in farms providing constant access to rest areas, without dead-ends [1.64 (1.03–2.80)]. In Canadian dairy herds, HPH in early lactation was associated with certain transition-period management practices and was negatively associated with herd productivity.