Transcriptome Analysis of Ethylene Response in <i>Chrysanthemum moriflolium</i> Ramat. with an Emphasis on Flowering Delay
Hua Cheng | Min Zhou | Yuyang Si | Wenjie Li | Likai Wang | Sumei Chen | Fadi Chen | Jiafu Jiang
Ethylene is a gaseous phytohormone that delays flowering in <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> Ramat. To date, however, there have been no systematic studies on genes involved in the ethylene response of this species, and the mechanism underlying ethylene-delayed flowering remains unclear. Herein, we applied RNA sequencing to characterize the ethylene response by comparing the transcriptomes of chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Jinba’ with or without ethephon treatment. Six unique RNA-seq libraries were generated. The identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) primarily involved ethylene, auxin, and abscisic acid signaling genes; circadian clock genes; genes encoding functional proteins associated with floral transition, such as homologs of <i>AP1/FRUITFUL-like 1</i> (<i>AFL1</i>), <i>TERMINAL FLOWER 1</i> (<i>TFL1</i>), and so on; and genes encoding transcription factors, specifically of the MYB and bHLH families. Furthermore, quantitative RT-PCR was used to verify the DEGs identified by RNA-seq. Heterologous <i>CmAFL1</i> overexpression in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> resulted in early flowering. Our findings present a landscape of transcriptomes and reveal the candidate genes involved in the ethylene-mediated regulation of flowering time in chrysanthemum, providing useful data for further studies.
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