Microbiological Biodiversity of Regional Cow, Goat and Ewe Milk Cheeses Produced in Poland and Antibiotic Resistance of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Them

(1) Unique sensory values of traditional and regional dairy products made them more and more popular among consumers. Lactic acid bacteria naturally occurring in these products can express antibiotic resistance and be a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in the environment. The aim of the study was to characterize the microbial diversity of twenty regional cheeses produced from non-pasteurized cow, goat and ewe milk, and investigate the phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance (AR) of lactic acid bacteria isolated from these products. (2) Conventional microbiological methods were applied for the enumeration of lactic acid bacteria (lactobacilli and lactococci) and their isolation, and for the enumeration of <i>Enterococcus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus</i>, <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> and spores. The disc diffusion method was applied for phenotypic AR. The PCR-based methods were used for strain identification, microbiological diversity of cheeses (PCR-DGGE), and for AR gene detection. (3) Among 79 LAB isolates the most frequent species were <i>L. plantarum</i> (<i>n</i> = 18), <i>Leuc. lactis</i> (<i>n</i> = 17), <i>Lc. lactis</i> (<i>n</i> = 11), <i>Leuc. mesenteroides</i> (<i>n</i> = 9) and <i>L. pentosus</i> (<i>n</i> = 8). Additionally, by using the PCR-DGGE method, DNA of <i>L. casei</i> was found in nine products. Lactobacilli (5.63–8.46 log cfu/g) and lactococci (6.15–8.41 log cfu/g) predominated over <i>Enterococcus</i> (max. 4.89 log cfu/g), <i>Staphylococcus</i> (max. 4.18 log cfu/g), and <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> (mostly up to 4.88 log cfu/g). Analysis of phenotypic resistance to tetracycline (30 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), and chloramphenicol (30 µg) showed that 29% of LAB isolates were resistant to one antibiotic, 8%—to two, and 12%—to all tested antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance genes (AGR) for tetracycline (<i>tet(M)</i>, <i>tet(L)</i>, <i>tet(W)</i>), erythromycin (<i>erm(B)</i>) and chloramphenicol (<i>cat-TC</i>) were detected in 30 (38%), 29 (36.7%) and 33 (43.4%) LAB isolates, respectively. Among 31 LAB isolates phenotypically susceptible to all tested antibiotics, only 5 (16%) had no ARGs. (4) The results obtained in our work shed light on the potential threat posed by the widespread presence of ARGs in LAB present in regional cheeses.