Effects of Plant-Based Supplement on Oxidative Stress of Honey Bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) Infected with <i>Nosema ceranae</i>
Nemanja M. Jovanovic | Uros Glavinic | Marko Ristanic | Branislav Vejnovic | Tamara Ilic | Jevrosima Stevanovic | Zoran Stanimirovic
One of the most important approaches in the prevention and treatment of nosemosis is the use of herbal preparations as food supplements for bees. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a plant-based supplement branded as “B+” on honeybees in a laboratory experiment. Four experimental groups were established: treated group (T), <i>N. ceranae</i>-infected and treated group (IT), <i>N. ceranae</i>-infected group (I) and non-infected group (NI). Survival, <i>N. ceranae</i> spore load and oxidative stress parameters together with expression levels of antioxidant enzyme genes and vitellogenin gene were monitored. The mortality in the T, IT and NI groups was significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.001) lower than in than in the I group. Within <i>Nosema</i>-infected groups, the IT group had a significantly lower (<i>p</i> < 0.001) number of <i>N. ceranae</i> spores than the I group. In addition, expression levels of genes for antioxidant enzymes were lower (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in the IT group compared to the I group. The concentration of malondialdehyde and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase) were significantly lower (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in the IT group compared to the I group. No negative effects of the tested supplement were observed. All these findings indicate that the tested supplement exerted beneficial effects manifested in better bee survival, reduced <i>N. ceranae</i> spore number and reduced oxidative stress of bees (lower expression of genes for antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress parameters).
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