<i>Coxiella burnetii</i> and Co-Infections with Other Major Pathogens Causing Abortion in Small Ruminant Flocks in the Iberian Peninsula
María de los Angeles Ramo | Alfredo A. Benito | Joaquín Quílez | Luis V. Monteagudo | Cristina Baselga | María Teresa Tejedor
<i>Coxiella burnetii</i> is an intracellular bacterium causing human Q fever and reproductive disorders in domestic ruminants. We analyzed the occurrence of <i>C. burnetii</i> and co-infections with six other major pathogens causing abortion in sheep (1242 cases) and goat (371 cases) flocks from Spain and Portugal. After real-time PCR detection, co-infections were established by principal component and cluster analysis that grouped cases based on the joint presence/absence of several microorganisms. <i>C. burnetii</i> and <i>Chlamydia abortus</i> were the most common abortifacient agents with approximately 75% of cases from both hosts testing positive, followed by <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>, <i>Campylobacter</i> sp., <i>Salmonella enterica,</i> border disease virus and <i>Neospora caninum</i>. <i>C. burnetii</i> was significantly more common than <i>C. abortus</i> in goat abortions (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Co-infections with at least two pathogens were found in more than 66% cases of ovine abortions and 36% cases of caprine abortions testing positive for <i>C. burnetii</i>, mostly including mixed infections with only <i>C. abortus.</i> These findings indicate that both pathogens are the most significant ones to be readily prevented by vaccination in this geographical area. Biosecurity and biocontainment measures are also steadfastly recommended to prevent both the economic losses and public health risks associated with most of these abortifacient agents.
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