Effects of a Single Opioid Dose on Gastrointestinal Motility in Rabbits (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>): Comparisons among Morphine, Butorphanol, and Tramadol
Hélène Deflers | Frédéric Gandar | Géraldine Bolen | Johann Detilleux | Charlotte Sandersen | Didier Marlier
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of single doses of butorphanol, morphine, and tramadol on gastrointestinal motility in rabbits (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) using non-invasive imaging methods, such as radiographic barium follow through and ultrasonographic contraction counts. Time-lapse radiographic and ultrasound examinations were performed before and after a single intramuscular dose of 5 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> butorphanol, 10 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> morphine, or 10 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> tramadol. Pyloric and duodenal contraction counts by ultrasonography and radiographic repletion scores for the stomach and caecum were analysed using a mixed linear model. No significant effect was noted on ultrasound examinations of pyloric and duodenal contractions after administration of an opioid treatment. Morphine had a significant effect on the stomach and the caecum repletion scores, whereas butorphanol had a significant effect only on the caecum repletion score. Tramadol had no significant effect on the stomach or caecum repletion scores. The present findings suggest that a single dose of 5 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> butorphanol or 10 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> morphine temporarily slows gastrointestinal transit in healthy rabbits, preventing physiological progression of the alimentary bolus without the induction of ileus. In contrast, a single dose of 10 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> tramadol has no such effects.
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