Troubled waters: The fraught political economy of wastewater reuse in Morocco and Tunisia
Mayaux, Pierre-Louis | Ennabih, Amal
The dominant discourse on wastewater reuse is heavily depoliticised. This unconventional resource is generally promoted as a 'no regret' solution to water scarcity. When political issues are broached, they take fairly innocuous forms that appear quite easy to resolve in a consensual manner, such as the need to overcome the 'barriers' of social acceptance and intersectoral collaboration. In this paper, we challenge what we see as superficial approaches to the politics of wastewater reuse. We do so by discussing the cases of treated wastewater reuse for irrigation (TWWRI) in Zaouiet Sousse (Tunisia) and Tiznit (Morocco). We argue that in both cases, TWWRI has been plagued by unresolved tensions that are deeply rooted in the specific political economy of how this resource is produced. We particularly highlight three structural political-economic contradictions. These are: 1) the contradictions between the state's preference for the largest possible schemes and the lack of interest of (many) peri-urban farmers who would rather urbanise their land and/or practise low-intensity farming alongside other occupations; 2) the tension between high operational costs and the poor smallholders who are typically targeted; and 3) the contradiction between the pockets of stringent state monitoring thus created and the surrounding sea of laisser-faire. We show how these contradictions play out somewhat differently in Morocco and Tunisia due to a more robust structuring of the water users association in Tiznit than in Zaouiet Sousse. We also show that these material contradictions are associated with different conceptions of the meaning and worth of TWWRI projects, which argues in favour of a cultural political economy of wastewater reuse. In conclusion, we argue for re-politicising and democratizing TWWRI more decisively instead of striving to depoliticise it.
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