No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide
Seebens, Hanno | Blackburn, Tim M. | Dyer, Ellie E. | Genovesi, Piero | Hulme, Philip E. | Jeschke, Jonathan M. | Pagad, Shyama | Pysek, Petr | Winter, Marten | Arianoutsou, Margarita | Bacher, Sven | Blasius, Bernd | Brundu, Giuseppe | Capinha, Cesar | Celesti-Grapow, Laura | Dawson, Wayne | Dullinger, Stefan | Fuentes, Nicol | Jaeger, Heinke | Kartesz, John | Kenis, Marc | Kreft, Holger | Kuehn, Ingolf | Lenzner, Bernd | Liebhold, Andrew | Mosena, Alexander | Moser, Dietmar | Nishino, Misako | Pearman, David | Pergl, Jan | Rabitsch, Wolfgang | Rojas-Sandoval, Julissa | Roques, Alain | Rorke, Stephanie | Rossinelli, Silvia | Roy, Helen E. | Scalera, Riccardo | Schindler, Stefan | Stajerova, Katerina | Tokarska-Guzik, Barbara | van Kleunen, Mark | Walker, Kevin | Weigelt, Patrick | Yamanaka, Takehiko | Essl, Franz | Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F) ; Goethe University Frankfurt = Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung ; Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association | Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research ; Universität Wien = University of Vienna | Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM) ; Carl Von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg = Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg (OFFIS) | Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment ; University College of London [London] (UCL) | Institute of Zoology ; Université de Neuchâtel = University of Neuchatel (UNINE) | Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology ; Stellenbosch University | Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program ; King Saud University [Riyadh] (KSU) | School of Biological Sciences [Adelaïde] ; University of Adelaide | National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) | Species Survival Commission - IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) - Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) ; IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group | Bio-Protection Research Centre ; Lincoln University | Leibniz-Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB) ; Leibniz Association | Institute of Biology at the Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy ; Freie Universität Berlin = Free University of Berlin | Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) | University of Auckland [Auckland] | Species Survival Commission - IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) - Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) ; IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group | Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany ; Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS) | Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology ; Univerzita Karlova [Praha, Česká republika] = Charles University [Prague, Czech Republic] (UK) | German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) | Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Systematics, School of Sciences ; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA) | Department of Biology ; Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff] | Department of Agriculture ; University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II (UNINA) | Universidade do Porto = University of Porto | Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig | Department of Environmental Biology ; University of Guelph [Guelf, Ontario, Canada] | Department of Ecology [Warsaw] ; Institute of Zoology [Warsaw] ; Faculty of Biology [Warsaw] ; Uniwersytet Warszawski [Polska] = University of Warsaw [Poland] = Université de Varsovie [Pologne] (UW)-Uniwersytet Warszawski [Polska] = University of Warsaw [Poland] = Université de Varsovie [Pologne] (UW)-Faculty of Biology [Warsaw] ; Uniwersytet Warszawski [Polska] = University of Warsaw [Poland] = Université de Varsovie [Pologne] (UW)-Uniwersytet Warszawski [Polska] = University of Warsaw [Poland] = Université de Varsovie [Pologne] (UW) | Department of Biosciences ; Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm] | Departamento de Botanica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanograficas ; Universidad de Concepción = University of Concepción [Chile] (UdeC) | Charles Darwin Foundation | Biota of North America Program (BONAP) | Centre for Agricultural and Biosciences International (CABI) | Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography ; Georg-August-University of Göttingen = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen | Department of Community Ecology ; Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) | Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden ; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg - Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg (MLU) | Northern Research Station ; Forest Research [Great Britain] | Center for Interamerican Studies (CIAS), Department of Experimental and Systems Ecology ; Universität Bielefeld = Bielefeld University | Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland (BSBI) | Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation ; Umweltbundesamt GmbH = Environment Agency Austria | Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution ; National Museum of Natural History | Unité de recherche Zoologie Forestière (URZF) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) | Centre for Ecology and Hydrology | Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Botany and Nature Protection ; University of Silesia in Katowice | 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 - National Agriculture and Food Research Organization [Tsukuba, Japan] (NARO) | National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES)
Although research on human-mediated exchanges of species has substantially intensified during the last centuries, we know surprisingly little about temporal dynamics of alien species accumulations across regions and taxa. Using a novel database of 45,813 first records of 16,926 established alien species, we show that the annual rate of first records worldwide has increased during the last 200 years, with 37% of all first records reported most recently (1970-2014). Inter-continental and inter-taxonomic variation can be largely attributed to the diaspora of European settlers in the nineteenth century and to the acceleration in trade in the twentieth century. For all taxonomic groups, the increase in numbers of alien species does not show any sign of saturation and most taxa even show increases in the rate of first records over time. This highlights that past efforts to mitigate invasions have not been effective enough to keep up with increasing globalization.
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