Virome landscape of wild rodents and shrews in Central China

Abstract Background Wild rodents and shrews serve as vital sentinel species for monitoring zoonotic viruses due to their close interaction with human environments and role as natural reservoirs for diverse viral pathogens. Although several studies have explored viral diversity and assessed pathogenic risks in wild rodents and shrews, the full extent of this diversity remains insufficiently understood. Results We conducted high-throughput sequencing on 1113 small mammals collected from 97 townships across seven cities in Hubei Province during 2021, supplemented by publicly available data from 2014 and 2016–2017. This analysis revealed a diverse array of novel viruses spanning several viral families, including Arenaviridae, Hepeviridae, Chuviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Arteriviridae, Nodaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Dicistroviridae, Astroviridae, and Picornaviridae. Phylogenetic analysis and genome structure characterization highlighted the discovery of these novel viruses, enhancing our understanding of viral diversity and evolution. Key host species such as Chodsigoa smithii, Anourosorex squamipes, Niviventer niviventer, and Apodemus agrarius were identified as significant contributors to viral circulation, making them crucial targets for future surveillance. Additionally, the central Plain of Hubei Province was recognized as a critical geographic hub for viral transmission, underscoring its importance in monitoring and controlling viral spread. Machine learning models were employed to assess the zoonotic potential of the identified viruses, revealing that families such as Arenaviridae, Coronaviridae, Hantaviridae, Arteriviridae, Astroviridae, Hepeviridae, Lispiviridae, Nairoviridae, Nodaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Picornaviridae, and Picobirnaviridae possess a high likelihood of infecting humans. Notably, rodent-derived Rotavirus A, HTNV, and SEOV displayed almost complete amino acid identity with their human-derived counterparts, indicating a significant risk for human outbreaks. Conclusion This study provides a comprehensive virome landscape for wild rodents and shrews in Central China, highlighting novel viruses and the critical roles of specific host species and regions in viral transmission. By identifying key species and hotspots for viral spread and assessing the zoonotic potential of the discovered viruses, this research enhances our understanding of virus ecology and the factors driving zoonotic disease emergence. The findings emphasize the need for targeted surveillance and proactive strategies to mitigate the risks of zoonotic spillovers, contributing to global public health preparedness. Video Abstract