The Impact Aerobic and Anaerobic Incubations of Poultry Litter Have on Class 1 Integron Resistome and Microbiome
John J. Maurer | Alexa Hoke | Keshav C. Das | Jian Wu | Mark A. Williams | Sydney Kinstler | Casey Ritz | Gregory P. Pittman | Roy Berghaus | Margie D. Lee
Animal manure is a desirable fertilizer because of its rich nitrogen, but it also contains a large and diverse reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes (ARGs). To reduce this AMR reservoir, five treatments (passive aeration, forced aeration, static or anaerobic incubations, autoclaving) were assessed for their impact on the poultry litter resistome. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the litter and the qPCR-estimated copy number of 16S <i>rrs</i>, class1 integrons (<i>intI1</i>) and associated resistance genes (<i>aadA</i>, <i>sul1</i>). Then, 16S amplicon metagenomic sequencing was used to determine community diversity and composition. Depending on incubation conditions, class 1 integrons and their associated ARGs were reduced by 0.5 to 1.0 Log<sub>10</sub>/g poultry litter. Only autoclaving reduced integrons and associated AMR genes by three Log<sub>10</sub>. Changes in AMR abundance reflected fluctuations in litter bacteriome composition at the family, genus, and sequence variant level. There was a negative correlation between class 1 integron and AMR genes, with genera belonging to Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria phyla. While these poultry litter treatments failed to reduce AMR abundance, aerobic and anaerobic treatments reduced taxons that contained pathogenic species. The approach to remediating resistance in poultry litter may be more effective if is focused on reducing bacterial pathogens.
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