Review of <i>Streptococcus salivarius</i> BLIS K12 in the Prevention and Modulation of Viral Infections
2025
John R. Tagg | Liam K. Harold | John D. F. Hale
The discovery and application of bacteriocin-producing probiotics, such as <i>Streptococcus salivarius</i> K12 (BLIS K12), represent significant advances in the prevention and management of bacterial infections, particularly in the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. Originally developed for its bacteriocin-mediated inhibition of the important bacterial pathogen <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>, BLIS K12 has more recently also demonstrated potential in the modulation and prevention of viral infections, including COVID-19. Emerging evidence also suggests a broader role for BLIS K12 in immune regulation, with implications for controlling hyperinflammatory responses and enhancing mucosal immunity. Of particular interest is recent work indicating that BLIS K12 can modulate antibody responses against viral antigens, such as the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, positioning it as a unique adjunct in managing viral infections. This review chronicles the pathway of BLIS K12’s probiotic development, emphasizing its relevant bacteriocin mechanisms, oral health applications, emerging antiviral properties, and potential broader health benefits through immune modulation, all of which position it as a significant non-pharmacological adjunct in managing respiratory and immune health
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