Grapevine Response to Pyroligneous Acid: Antifungal, Physiological, and Biochemical Impacts
Efoo Bawa Nutsukpo | Peter Amoako Ofori | Raphael Ofoe | Anagha Pradeep Kumar | Samuel K. Asiedu | Chijioke Emenike | Lord Abbey
<i>Botrytis cinerea</i> is a major fungal pathogen causing significant economic losses in grapevines worldwide. To address the environmental concerns associated with overreliance on synthetic fungicides, this study investigated the antifungal efficacy of varying concentrations of pyroligneous acid (PA) (0, 2, and 4%) compared to a commercial fungicide (Switch<sup>®</sup>) against <i>B. cinerea</i> in grapevines (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> ‘Himrod’), as well as its physiological and biochemical responses. Our preliminary in vitro <i>assays</i> using the poisoned food method showed that PA significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) inhibited <i>B. cinerea</i> mycelial growth by approximately 0.70-, and 1-fold, respectively, compared to the 0% PA during the three weeks of observation. The results also demonstrated that the 2% PA and 4% PA treatments, as well as the Switch<sup>®</sup> application, significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) reduced average lesion length by 0.19-, 0.52-, and 0.85-fold, respectively, compared to the untreated plants with Botrytis alone. Both the 4% PA and Switch<sup>®</sup> significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) increased the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystems II (F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub>) and potential photosynthetic capacity (F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>o</sub>) by approximately 0.02-fold and 0.1-fold, respectively, compared to the untreated plants with Botrytis alone. The 2 and 4% PA treatments also increased total carotenoids and flavonoids. Further molecular studies are recommended to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the observed physiological and biochemical changes.
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