Metagenomic evaluation of food hygiene practices in the National School Nutrition Programme in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa

BACKGROUND : The National School Nutrition Programme (NSNP) provides meals to schools in low-income areas in South Africa, implemented by the Department of Basic Education (DBE) with food safety monitored by Municipal Health Services. AIM : To assess compliance of school kitchens with general hygiene requirements (R638 of 2018) and detect food pathogens on food contact surfaces using amplified metagenomics. SETTING : The study was conducted in quintile 1 and 2 primary schools in Vryheid, KwaZulu-Natal. METHODS : A quantitative cross-sectional study assessed the safety compliance of food preparation and storage areas in 33 primary schools against national legislation standards. Fifteen samples of food contact surfaces were collected from four schools and analysed using Illumina sequencing to identify prevalent bacterial genera. RESULTS : None of the schools possessed a Certificate of Acceptability. Significant structural issues include poor pest control, inadequate sanitary facilities, a lack of food safety training and inadequate waste management. Taxonomic analysis revealed several dominant bacterial genera, including Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Acinetobacter and Pantoea, indicating potential routes for food contamination and subsequent risks for foodborne illnesses. CONCLUSION : The study highlighted critical inadequacies in food preparation and storage areas requiring urgent intervention to ensure safe meal preparation. It emphasised the need for improved food safety monitoring and compliance in schools in low-income areas. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques identified a broad spectrum of pathogens, offering a robust method for assessing environmental hygiene. CONTRIBUTION : This study provides insights into food safety risks in the NSNP, informing policies and interventions to improve food safety and reduce foodborne illnesses in schools.