Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Alleviates the Adverse Effects of High Temperature in Soybean

High temperature is foremost abiotic stress and there are inadequate studies explicating its impact on soybean. In this study, a pot experiment was done in a greenhouse maintained at a day/night temperature of 42/28 &deg:C with a mean temperature of 35 &deg:C to examine the effects of high temperature in soybean plants inoculated with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF).Various parameters were taken in soybean plants treated with AMF (+) and AMF (&minus:) such as growth analysis, chlorophyll content, canopy temperature, number of stomata, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, seed yield, and its attributes. It was observed that growth parameters like leaf area, stem height, root length, shoot and root dry biomass were increased in AMF (+) as compared to AMF (&minus:) plants. Chlorophyll content, the number of stomata, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency increased in AMF (+) as compared to AMF (&minus:) plants. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, PhiPSII, fluorescence area, performance index, photochemical quenching, linear electron transport rate, and active reaction centres density of PSII were also found to be enhanced in AMF (+) plants. However, canopy temperature, intercellular CO2, Fo/Fm, and non-photochemical quenching were higher in AMF (&minus:) as compared to inoculated plants. An increase in growth and photosynthesis ultimately enhanced the seed yield and its attributes in AMF (+) as compared to AMF (&minus:). Thus, AMF (+) plants have shown much better plant growth, photosynthesis parameters, and seed yield as compared to AMF (&minus:) plants under high temperature. Thus, it is concluded that heat stress-induced damage to the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus was alleviated by AMF inoculum. Therefore, AMF can be used as a biofertilizer in alleviating the adverse effects of heat stress in soybean.