Soil Moisture, Nutrients, Root Distribution, and Crop Combination Benefits at Different Water and Fertilizer Levels during the Crop Replacement Period in an Apple Intercropping System

Uneven soil moisture and nutrient distribution before and after intercropping limits apple cropping system productivity in the western Shanxi&ndash:Loess Plateau area. To address this issue, a field trial was conducted between 2020 and 2021 to study the effects of different water and fertilizer management practices on soil moisture, nutrients, and root distribution, as well as the overall effectiveness of the apple&ndash:maize and apple&ndash:soybean intercropping systems during crop replacement. The experiment involved two irrigation methods: drip (D) and flood (M) irrigation. Three irrigation levels included rain-fed without irrigation (W0), and 50% (W1) and 80% (W2) of field capacity (Fc). Three fertilizer treatments included no additional fertilizer application (F0), 375 kg&#8729:hm&minus:2 (F1), and 750 kg&#8729:hm&minus:2 (F2), in addition to a control (CK) without irrigation or fertilization. The soil water content (SWC) decreased after the crop replacement. Additionally, nitrate nitrogen (NN), ammonium nitrogen (AN), and organic matter (OM) content levels in all treatments increased, whereas total phosphorus (TP) content decreased. The soil layer with crop roots moved downward after crop replacement, and partial fertilizer productivity (PFP), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) were decreased under both irrigation treatments. Principal component analysis showed that the W2F2 treatment had the highest benefit from crop combination across both irrigation treatments during the crop replacement period. According to our results, to optimize the benefits of apple-crop intercropping, drip irrigation with complete water supply and flood irrigation with incomplete water supply are recommended during crop replacement. In addition, an upper irrigation limit of 80% Fc with 750 kg&#8729:hm&minus:2 fertilization is recommended for optimal water and fertilizer regulation.