Future Reference Evapotranspiration Trends in Shandong Province, China: Based on SAO-CNN-BiGRU-Attention and CMIP6

One of the primary factors in the hydrological cycle is reference evapotranspiration (ET0). The prediction of ET0 is crucial to manage irrigation water in agriculture under climate change: however, little research has been conducted on the trends of ET0 changes in Shandong Province. In this study, to estimate ET0 in the entire Shandong Province, 245 sites were chosen, and the monthly ET0 values during 1901&ndash:2020 were computed using the Hargreaves&ndash:Samani formula. A deep learning model, termed SAO-CNN-BiGRU-Attention, was utilized to forecast the monthly ET0 during 2021&ndash:2100, and the predictions were compared to two CMIP6 climate scenarios, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5. The hierarchical clustering results revealed that Shandong Province encompassed three homogeneous regions. The ET0 values of Clusters H1 and H2, which were situated in inland regions and major agricultural areas, were the highest. The SAO-CNN-BiGRU-Attention and SSP5-8.5 forecasting results generally displayed a monotonically growing trend during the forecast period in the three regions: however, the SAO-CNN-BiGRU-Attention model displayed a declining tendency at a few points. According to the SAO-CNN-BiGRU-Attention and SSP5-8.5 results, during 2091&ndash:2100, H1, H2, and H3 will reach their peaks: the SSP2-4.5 results show that H1, H2, and H3 will peak in 2031&ndash:2040. At the end of the forecast period, for Clusters H1, H2, and H3, the prediction rate of SAO-CNN-BiGRU-Attention increased by 1.31, 1.56%, and 1.80%, respectively, whereas SSP2-4.5&rsquo:s prediction rate increased by 0.31%, 0.95%, and 1.57%, respectively, and SSP5-8.5&rsquo:s prediction rate increased by 10.88%, 10.76%, and 10.69%, respectively. The prediction results of SAO-CNN-BiGRU-Attention were similar to those of SSP2-4.5 (R2 &gt: 0.96). The SAO-CNN-BiGRU-Attention deep learning model can be used to forecast future ET0.